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穆斯林世界个人自由度报告

2022-07-03 16:05:03 来源:网友投稿

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穆斯林世界个人自由度报告

 

 T

  F r eedom

 in

 the

 M uslim

 W orld

 B Y

 M UST AF A

 A K Y ol

 his

 paper

 pres ents

 the stat e

 of

 f reedom

 in

 40 of

  the

 51

  M uslim-majority

  c ountries

  of

  the w orld,

  where

  sufficient

  data

  are

  a vailable. 1 Ba sed

 on

 figures

 obtained

 f rom

 the H uman F reedom

 I ndex

 2019 ,

 I

 show

 how

 these

 c oun -

 tries

 rank

 on

 indicat ors

 of

 personal

 and

 ec onomic

 f reedom vis -à- vis

 the w orld

 avera ge

 and

 each

 other. 2

 F reedom

 is

 a

 broad

 c oncept

 and

 can

 be

 mea sured

 along various

 dimensions.

 M y

 main

 focus

 here,

 how e ver ,

 is

 per - s onal

 f reedom.

 Specifical l y ,

 I

 look

 at

 the broad

 cat egories of

 personal

 f reedom

 mea sured

 in

 the H uman

 F reedom

 I ndex : r ule

 of

 law;

 s ecurity

 and

 sa fety;

 f reedoms

 of

 mo vement,

 reli - gion,

 a ss ociation,

 a ss embl y

 and

 civil

 s ociet y ,

 expression

 and information;

 and

 f reedom

 a s

 it

 relat es

 t o

 identity

 and

 rela - tionships.

 I

 look

 at

 ec onomic

 f reedom

 a s

 w ell,

 but

 a s

 a

 sepa - rate

 cat egor y .

 Why

 focus

 on

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries?

 The

 first

 and

 simplest

 answ er

 is

 that these

 c ountries

 cre - at e

 a

 meaningful l y

 distinct

 par t

 of

 the w orld,

 oft en

 cal led

 “the M uslim

 w orld.”

 Sec ond,

  w e

  should

  be

  especial l y

  c onc er ned

  with

  the M uslim

 w orld

 becaus e

 it

 has

 extremel y

 low

 le vels

 of

 f ree- dom. 3

 This can

 be

 s een

 in

 the f reedom

 ratings

 f rom

 2008

 t o 2017 ,

 shown

 in

 F igure

 1,

 which

 mea sures

 personal

 f reedom on

 a

 s cale

 of

 0

 t o

 10 ,

 where

 10

 repres ents

 the highest

 le vel of

 f reedom.

 A cc ording

 t o

 the 2017

 figures,

 the M uslim

 w orld is

 dramatical l y

 less

 f ree

 (with

 an

 avera ge

 s c ore

 of

 5 .52)

 c om- pared

 t o

 the f reest

 regions

 of

 the globe—N or th America

 and W est er n

  Europe

  (both

  close

  t o

  9.00)—and

  als o

  the

 w orld

 avera ge

 (6.98).

 I t

 has

 als o

 bec ome

 notabl y

 less

 f ree

 during

 the nine-year

 period

 f rom

 2008

 t o

 2017 .

 Third,

 despit e

 this

 extremel y

 low

 le vel

 of

 avera ge

 personal f reedom,

 the M uslim

 w orld

 is

 not

 a

 monolith.

 There is

 great variation

 among

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries.

 The

 gap

 between the f reest

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 (Bosnia

 and

 H erzego vina and

 A l bania)

 and

 the lea st f ree

 ones

 (Sy ria

 and

 Y emen)

 is

 in

 fact huge,

 while

 other

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 are

 positioned s ome where

 in

 between

 (s ee

 F igure

 2

 and

 T able

 1).

 M ust afa

 Aky ol

 is

 a

 senior

 fello w

 a t

 the

 Ca to I nstitute ’ s

 Center

 for

 G lobal

 Liberty

 and

 P r osperity .

 2

  M OR E F R EE D O M L E SS FR EE DO M N O D A T A

  I n

 this

 paper ,

 I

 wil l

 tak e

 a

 closer

 look

 at

 these

 findings, show

 which

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 or

 regions

 are

 doing bett er

 or

 w ors e

 b y

 various

 mea sures

 of

 f reedom,

 and

 high - light

 s ome

 notable

 facts

 and

 patt er ns.

  When M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 are

 rank ed

 ac c ording

 t o their

 c ombined

 personal

 f reedom

 s c ores

 ( T able

 1),

 tw o

 c oun - tries

 in

 Southea st Europe

 stand

 out

 a s

 the most

 f ree:

 Bosnia and

 H erzego vina,

 with

 a

 f reedom

 s c ore

 of

 8.04

 (on

 a

 s cale of

 0

 t o

 10),

 fol low ed

 b y

 A l bania

 with

 a

 f reedom

 s c ore

 of

 8.01. Thes e

 s c ores

 are

 significantl y

 abo ve

 the w orld

 avera ge

 (6.98), and

 ver y

 close

 t o

 the s c ores

 of

 c ountries

 such

 a s

 G reec e

 (8.07) and

 Argentina

 (8.04). Thes e

  tw o

  Southea st

 European

  M uslim-majority

  c oun - tries

 are

 fol low ed

 b y

 Burkina

 F a s o

 of

 W est

 Africa

 (with

 a

 per - s onal

  f reedom

  s c ore

  of

  7 .39),

  and

  the

 K y rgyz

  R epublic

  of Central

 A sia

 (with

 a

 personal

 f reedom

 s c ore

 of

 7 .05).

 Thes e

 four

 f reest

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 ha ve

 a

 c om- bined

  population

  of

  about

  30

 million

  people.

  A

  similar

 number

 of

 M uslims

 als o

 live

 in

 the largel y

 f ree

 c ountries of

 W est er n

 Europe

 and

 N or th America.

 I n

 c ontra st,

 more than

 1.8

 bil lion

 of

 the w orld’s

 1.9

 bil lion

 M uslims

 live

 in

 na - tions

 where

 personal

 f reedom

 is

 below

 the w orld

 avera ge. Thes e

 include

 most

 of

 the 40

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries mea sured

 in

 this

 stud y ,

 along

 with

 the tw o

 other

 c ountries with

 the largest

 M uslim

 minorities:

 I ndia— which

 is

 home

 t o s ome

 195

 million

 M uslims

 and

 has

 a

 personal

 f reedom

 s c ore of

 6.37 ,

 and

 China,

 which

 is

 home

 t o

 28

 million

 M uslims

 and has

  a

  personal

  f reedom

  s c ore

  of

  5 .92.

 The

  o ver whelming majority

 of

 the w orld’s

 M uslims,

 in

 other

 w ords,

 live

 under low

 le vels

 of

 f reedom. 4

 R egional l y

  speaking,

  the

 f reest

  M uslim-majority

  c oun - tries

  are

  locat ed

  in

  Southea st

 Europe,

  W est

  Africa,

  and Central

 A sia.

 I n

 general,

 these

 three

 regions

 are

 the f reest

 re- gions

 of

 the M uslim

 w orld.

 I n

 c ontra st,

 the lea st f ree

 region

 is the Midd le

 Ea st and

 N or th Africa

  (s ee

 F igure

 3).

 A

 par t

  of

  the

 problem

  in

  the

 Midd le

  Ea st

 and

  N or th Africa

 is

 violent

 c onflict.

 I t

 is

 no

 w onder

 then

 that when w e

 look

 at

 the ver y

 bott om

 of

 the personal

 f reedom

 index in

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 ( T able

 1)

 w e

 s ee

 the nations that ha ve

 gone

 through

 oc cupation

 or

 civil

 war

 in

 the pa st

 3

  decade:

 I raq,

 Y emen,

 and

 Sy ria.

 They

 are,

 in

 fact, the lea st f ree

 places

 in

 the w orld.

 I t

 is

 a

 grim

 s c ene,

 and

 a

 reminder of

 J ames

 M adis on ’ s

 a ge-old

 wis dom,

 “Of

 all

 the enemies

 t o public

 liber t y ,

 war

 is,

 perhaps,

 the most

 t o

 be

 dreaded.” 5

 Another

 dreaded

 enemy

 of

 human

 liber ty

 is

 authoritari- anism.

 This is

 why

 Egy pt,

 Sudan,

 Saudi

 Arabia,

 and

 I ran

 ha ve extremel y

 low

 le vels

 of

 personal

 f reedom,

 which

 reflect

 their authoritarian

 political

 syst ems,

 oppressive

 laws,

 and

 drac o - nian

 s ecurity

 forc es.

  Data

  als o

  show

  us

  the

 direction

  c ountries

  ha ve

  tak en t oward

 or

 away

 f rom

 personal

 f reedom

 during

 the period 2008 –2017 .

 A cc ordingl y ,

 among

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries, there

 w ere

 modest

 improvements

 in

 the K y rgyz

 R epublic,

 4 P akistan,

 and

 T unisia.

 M eanwhile

 there

 w ere

 dramatic

 dete- riorations

 in

 Sy ria,

 Egy pt,

 T urk e y ,

 and

 Bahrain

 (s ee

 F igure

 4). While the sharp

 decline

 of

 personal

 f reedom

 in

 Sy ria

 can

 be explained

 b y

 civil

 war ,

 Egy pt,

 T urk e y ,

 and

 Bahrain

 s eem

 t o ha ve

 suffered

 under

 political

 regimes

 that ha ve

 grown

 in - crea singl y

 authoritarian.

  Why

 are

 s ome

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 more

 or

 less f ree?

 F irst,

 let’ s

 s ee

 what

 does

 not

 answ er

 this

 question.

 One possible

  explanation

  is

  geopolitical

  orientation,

  which

  in fact

 does

  not

  s eem

  t o

  define

  a

  c ountr y’ s

  f reedom

  s c ore. Examples

 are

 the Kingdom

 of

 Saudi

 Arabia

 and

 the I slamic R epublic

 of

 I ran,

 whos e

 foreign

 policies

 t oward

 the U nit ed Stat es

 and

 its

 al lies

 are

 ver y

 different,

 but

 whos e

 f reedom le vels

  are

  similarl y

  ver y

  lo w .

  I n

  fact,

 I ran ’ s

  personal

  f ree- dom

 s c ore

 is

 slightl y

 higher

 than

 that of

 Saudi

 Arabia

 (s ee T able

 1).

 A ls o,

 whether

 a

 c ountr y

 is

 a

 monarchy

 or

 a

 s elf-declared republic

 does

 not

 s eem

 t o

 be

 definitive

 for

 its

 le vel

 of

 f ree- dom.

  I ndeed,

  most

  republics

  in

  the Arab

  w orld

  ha ve

  long been

  aut ocratic

  stat es

  dominat ed

  b y

  hegemonic

  par ties and

 iron-fist ed

 presidents.

 I n

 fact, s ome

 monarchies

 in

 the Midd le

  Ea st

 and

  N or th Africa

  region,

  such

  a s

  J ordan

  and M oroc c o,

 allow

 for

 great er

 le vels

 of

 personal

 f reedom

 than the republics

 of

 A lgeria

 and

 Egy pt.

 M eanwhile,

  a

  fact or

  that

 does

  s eem

  t o

  influenc e

  f ree- dom

 is

 whether

 the legal

 syst em

 is

 s ecular

 or

 religious.

 The 10

 most

 personal l y

 f ree

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 (Bosnia and

 H erzego vina,

 A l bania,

 Burkina

 F a s o,

 K y rgyz

 R epublic, Senegal,

  K azakhstan,

  Lebanon,

  I ndonesia,

  Sier ra

  Leone, and

 J ordan)

 either

 ha ve

 ful l y

 s ecular

 legal

 syst ems

 or

 ha ve ver y

  limit ed

  applications

  of

  I slamic

  la w .

  I n

  c ontra st,

  the lea st f ree

 M uslim-majority

 c ountries,

 besides

 thos e

 de va s - tat ed

 b y

 civil

 war ,

 are

 mostl y

 what

 s cholar

 Daniel

 Philpott cal ls

  “religiousl y

  repressive

  stat es”:

  Sudan,

  Saudi

  Arabia, I ran,

 Br unei

 Dar ussalam,

 M auritania,

 and

 the U nit ed

 Arab Emirates. 6

 H ow e ver ,

  there

  are

  als o

  “s ecular

  repressive stat es”— such

 a s

 Egy pt,

 Lib ya,

 and

 A lgeria— whos e

 personal f reedom

 le vels

 are

 ver y

 lo w .

 Therefore,

 personal

 f reedom

 in

 the M uslim

 w orld

 s eems highest

 in

 s ecular

 stat es

 that als o

 ha ve

 more

 moderate

 po - litical

 regimes —a s

 oppos ed

 t o

 draconian

 regimes,

 such

 a s

 in Egy pt.

 Social

 attitudes,

 religious

 traditions,

 and

 cust oms

 als o matt er ,

 a s

 human

 liber ty

 can

 be

 suppressed

 not

 onl y

 b y

 aut o - cratic

 stat es

 but

 als o

 b y

 il liberal

 s ocieties.

  When M uslim-majority

 c ountries

 are

 rank ed

 ac c ording

 t o their

 religious

 f reedom

 s c ores

 ( T able

 2),

 Southea st European and

 W est

 African

 stat es,

 in

 line

 with

 their

 o verall

 personal f reedom

 s c ores,

 fare

 w ell.

 Thes e

 include

 A l bania

 and

 Bosnia and

 H erzego vina,

 in

 addition

 t o

 Senegal,

 M ali,

 G uinea,

 Sier ra Leone,

 Chad,

 Burkina

 F a s o,

 N iger ,

 and

 The

 G ambia.

 I n

  almost

  all

  these

  c ountries,

  “the

  c onstitution

  car ries robust

 pro visions

 guarant eeing

 religious

 f reedom,

 is

 abs ent of

 any

 reference

 t o

 I slam

 or

 the Sharia,

 public

 s chools

 don ’ t forc e

 students

 ...

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