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经济危,机和突发灾害如何加剧房屋所有权中种族差异(范文推荐)

2022-07-06 12:55:02 来源:网友投稿

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经济危,机和突发灾害如何加剧房屋所有权中种族差异(范文推荐)

 

 Co nten ts

 A ck n o wl ed g m en t s

  iv

 E x ecu t ive Su mm ary

  v

 K e y

 Tak e aw ay s

  v

 H o w E cono m ic

 Cr ise s

 and

 Su dd en

 D isa ster s

 Incre as e

 Ra cial

 Dispar it ies

 i n

 H o m eo wne r sh ip

 1

 H ow

 D o Catast r op he s

 an d E conom ic

 Cy cle s

 A ff e ct

 B l ack and

 H is pan ic

 Ho me ow ne r s hi p

 an d W e al t h Ou tc o me s ?

  1

 H ome ow ne r s hi p‘ s

 I ne xtr icab l e

 Lin k

 to

 W e a lth

 for

 H ou s e ho ld s

 of

 Co lo r

  2

 I nco me

 an d Ot he r

 A ss e ts

  3

 R acia l

 an d Eth n ic

 W e a lth

 D i spar it ie s

 Hav e

 B een

 P e r v as i v e

  4

 H ome ow ne r s hi p

 a nd U ne v en

 Hous in g

 E q ui ty

  5

 P e opl e

 of

 Col or

 F al l

 Fu r th e r

 B e hi nd d u ri ng

 Econ om ic

 D owntu r ns

  5

 L e ssons

 fr om

 P r e v i ou s

 Econ om ic

 Cy cl e s

  7

 L e ssons

 fr om

 t he

 Gr e at R e c essi on

  8

 L e ssons

 fr om

 H ur r ica ne

 K at r in a

  9

 COV I D - 19

 H as

 I mplic ati o ns

 for

 t he

 Econ om y ,

 Hom e ow ne r shi p,

 a nd R ac ia l

 and

 Eth n ic

 D ispar iti e s

  11 COV I D - 19

 B r in g s

 A dd i tio na l

 Chal le ng e s

 and

 D is pa riti e s

  13

 K e y

 Consi d e r ati o ns

 a n d F utur e

 R e s e a r ch

  16

 N o t es

  18

 Re f eren ces

  20

 A b o u t

 t he

 A u t h o r s

  22

 S t atem en t

 of

 Indepen d en ce

  23

 Acknowle dg m ents

 Thi s

 r ep or t

 w as

 fund e d b y

 a

 g r a nt

 f r om

 th e

 W e ll s

 F ar g o Fou n d ati on .

 W e

 ar e

 g r ate f ul

 to

 th e m

 a nd to

 a ll ou r

 f un d e r s,

 w ho ma k e

 it

 po ssi b le

 for

 U r b an

 t o ad v a nce

 its

 m i ssi o n.

 The

 v i e w s

 e xp r e ss e d ar e

 t hose

 of

 th e

 a uth o r s

 a nd sho ul d no t

 b e

 att ri b ut e d to

 th e

 U r b a n

 I nsti t ut e , its

 tr ust ee s,

 or

 its

 fund e r s.

 F un d e r s

 do n o t

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 r e se a r ch

 fi nd in g s

 o r

 th e

 i nsi g h ts

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 of

 U r b a n

 e xp e r ts.

 Fu r th e r

 i n for mat io n

 o n

 t he

 U r b an

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 fund i ng

 p ri ncipl e s

 i s av ailab l e

 at ur b an.o r g /fun d i ng p r inciple s .

 Ex ecuti v e

 Summary

 I n

 th e

 comi ng

 mo nt hs,

 th e

 U r b a n

 I nsti t ut e ‘ s

 Hous in g

 Fin ance

 P olicy

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 w ill

 r e l e as e

 a

 se ri e s

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 to

 e xp lo r e

 th e

 r is k s

 ho m e ow ne r s

 of

 c ol o r

 fac e

 d ur i ng

 e cono m ic

 cy cle s

 an d p ol ici e s

 t hat ca n ad d r e ss

 t ho s e

 r is k s.

 Thi s

 fi r s t

 r ep or t

 se t s

 th e

 sta g e

 b y

 o u tli ni ng

 con s id e r ati o ns

 a nd i mplicat io n s

 fo r r acia l

 e q u ity ,

 ho m e ow ne r sh ip,

 and

 w e al th

 b ui ld i ng

 p r e s e nt e d b y

 th e

 cu rr e nt

 pan d e mi c,

 whi ch

 is mag ni fy in g

 r acia l

 an d e thn ic

 dis pa rit ie s

 w ith in

 th e

 U S

 he al th

 a nd ho u si n g

 sy st e ms

 an d l a bo r

 m ar k e t.

 W e lo o k

 at pa st

 e conomic c y cl e s ,

 i nclud in g

 th ose

 that

 encom passe d th e

 G r e at R e c e ss io n

 in

 2007

 a nd th e afte r math

 o f

 H ur r ica ne

 K a tr in a,

 fo r

 i n si g hts on h ow

 th e y

 exace r bat e

 dis pa rit ie s

 in

 r is k s

 a nd r e c ov e r y

 for pe opl e

 o f

 col or .

 The

 G r e at Lock d ow n , 1

 in stitute d to

 r e d uce

 th e

 sp r e ad

 of

 th e

 n ov e l

 c or o nav ir us ,

 has cri pp l e d ho use ho l d s,

 jo b s,

 a nd busi ne sses

 i n

 w ay s

 w e

 h a v e

 n o t

 s een

 in

 m od e r n

 h is to r y

 an d that

 w ill

 have la sti ng

 e ff e ct s

 o n

 r acial ho m e ow ne r shi p

 an d w e a lth

 g ap s.

 Ye t

 we can

 lear n

 fr om

 o ur

 past e xp e ri ence s w ith

 e conomic m ar k e t

 dis r u ption s.

 T he

 g oa l

 of

 ou r

 s e ri e s

 i s

 to

 e l e v at e

 th e

 r ol e

 of

 r ac ia l

 e q ui ty

 w hen e xam in i ng

 e cono m ic

 cy cle s ;

 pr om ote

 e q ui ty - conscio us

 f e d e r al ,

 stat e ,

 an d city

 p olic i e s;

 b r in g

 fo r th r e lev a nt

 d ata

 a nd a nal y s is ;

 a nd c r e a te

 a

 us e fu l

 se t

 of

 t oo l s

 to

 acce l e r at e

 e q ui tab l e

 a n d i nc lu si v e r e c ov e r y .

 Key

 T akeaw ays

  Thi s

 i s

 th e

 fi r st

 in

 a

 s e ri e s

 of

 r e s e a r ch

 r e por ts

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 w ill

 pu b li s h

 o v e r

 t he

 ne xt

 fe w

 mon ths o n

 th e r is k s

 home ow ne r s

 of

 c ol o r

 f ace

 d ur in g

 e conomic c y cl e s

 and

 natu r al d i saste r s,

 to

 un d e r stand t he w ay s

 ho m e ow ne r s

 of

 c ol o r

 may

 b e

 dis pr opo r tio nat e ly

 a ffe ct e d b y

 th e

 CO V I D - 19

 cr i si s.

  Str uct ur a l

 b ar ri e r s

 cont ri b u te

 to

 w id e

 an d pe r si st e nt

 r a cial

 a nd e th ni c dis pa rit ie s

 i n ho m e ow ne r shi p

 ( an d oth e r

 ar e as

 o f

 th e

 e cono my ,

 such

 as

 l a bo r

 ma r k e t s),

 r e g a r d l e ss

 of

 w he th e r the

 ov e r al l

 e cono my

 is g r owin g

 or

 shr in k in g .

  B ut

 fr o m

 past e conomic do wntu r ns,

 w e

 ob s e r v e

 tha t

 th e

 ho m e ow ne r s hi p

 g ap

 b e tw een

 pe opl e of

 col o r

 a nd whi t e

 pe opl e

 ofte n

 w o r s e ns

 ami d a

 r ece s sio n

 b e caus e

 pe opl e

 of

 col or

 ar e dis p r opo rti onat e ly

 h ar me d .

 W e

 hy poth e s iz e

 th at st r uct ur a l

 b a rri e r s

 p r od uc in g

 w id e

 an d pe r s is t e nt

 dis p ar iti e s

 i n

 ho me ow ne r sh ip

 al so

 m ak e

 h o me ow ne r s

 o f

 col or

 mo r e

 v u l ne r ab le

 to lo ss

 o f

 ho me

 an d w e a lth .

 At

 the

 sam e

 ti me ,

 th e y

 a r e

 le ss

 ab l e

 to

 p ar t ici pat e

 i n

 th e

 r e c ov e r y afte r war d b e caus e

 th e ir

 ov e r al l

 w e a lth

 is conc e nt r at ed

 i n

 th e ir

 ho me ,

 a nd t he y

 a r e

 l e ss

 l ik e ly

 t o r e t ur n

 to

 ho m e ow ne r sh ip

 i f

 they

 b e came

 r e nt e r s.

   To e x amine

 tr en d s

 an d l e ss on s

 l e a r ne d fr o m

 p r e v i ou s

 c atastr oph e s,

 w e

 r e fe r

 to

 th e

 Gr e at R e c e ss io n

 b e caus e

 of

 i ts

 im pac t

 on une mpl oy me nt

 an d mo rt g a g e

 ma r k e ts,

 as

 w e ll

 as

 i ts dis p r opo rti onat e

 e ff e ct

 on home ow ne r s

 of

 co lo r .

 S ome

 d ata

 an al y se s

 ( e . g .,

 of

 une mp l oy me n t in su r anc e

 cl ai ms,

 s e ct o r s

 m ost

 aff e ct e d b y

 jo b l os s,

 an d r acia l

 dis pa riti e s

 ab ou t

 w h o is mo r e li k e ly

 t o b e

 aff e ct e d )

 sug g e s t

 the

 im pac t

 of

 C OV I D - 19

 m or e

 clos e ly

 r e semb le s

 a

 n a tu r al disast e r than a

 cy cl ical

 d ow ntur n,

 so

 w e

 al s o l o ok

 at th e

 e ff e ct s

 o f

 H ur r ica ne

 K at ri na.

  A s

 to d ay ‘ s

 e conomic dis r upt io n

 do e s

 n ot

 st e m

 f r o m

 a

 h ousi n g

 bust o r

 a

 hu rr ican e

 b u t

 fr o m

 a pub l ic

 he al t h

 cr isis ,

 w e

 al s o d r aw on t he

 r e se ar ch

 lit e r at ur e

 an d e xp e r ts

 in

 th is a r e a

 to

 i d en tify un i q ue

 featu r e s

 of

 t hi s

 pa nd e mi c.

 On e

 hy poth e s is w e

 te st

 an d e xp lo r e

 is th e

 e xte nt

 t o whi ch r acia l

 conc e nt r at io n

 y i e l d s

 w or s e

 w e a lth

 ou tc o me s

 fo r

 ho m e ow ne r s

 of

 c ol o r

 d ur in g

 a d ow ntur n.

  W e

 att e mpt t o q uan t ify

 ho w

 r acia l

 w e a lth

 dis p ar iti e s

 pl ay

 ou t

 fo r

 home ow ne r s

 of

 c ol o r compa r e d w ith

 whi t e

 home ow ne r s

 w hen

 t he

 e cono my

 i s

 i n

 a

 r ece s sio n,

 as

 w e ll

 as

 ho w

 the im pac ts

 on r e nte r s

 f ur t he r

 d e la y

 home ow ne r shi p,

 e sp e ci al ly

 fo r

 l ow - in co me

 y o un g

 r e nt e r s

 of colo r .

  W e

 al s o ass e ss

 ho w

 mu ch

 h ou s e ho ld s

 of

 col or

 ty pically

 sha r e

 i n

 e conomic r e c ov e ri e s

 ( e . g ., lo w e r

 une mplo y m e nt,

 hi g he r

 ho me

 pric e s,

 h ig he r

 stoc k

 mar k e t

 v al u ati o ns).

  W e

 pla n

 to

 offe r

 e v id ence - b ase d pol ici e s

 a nd p r actic e s

 t hat f e d e r al ,

 stat e ,

 an d l ocal stak eh ol d e r s

 mig ht

 i mpl e m e nt

 t o a dd r e ss

 r acial in e q ui t y

 and

 st r uct ur a l

 b ar ri e r s

 to

 l e ss en

 t he e ff e ct s

 fo r

 futur e

 e con om ic

 e v e nt s,

 an d r e co mm en d sol uti on s

 that

 d ir e ctly

 a dd r e ss

 un d e r ly in g is su e s

 as

 w e ll

 as

 mi ti g at e

 a n d e f fe ctiv e ly

 p r e pa r e

 pe opl e

 of

 col or

 for

 f utu r e

 e cono m i c shock s.

  B y

 me e tin g

 th e

 i mm e dia t e

 a nd dis p r opo rti onat e

 i mpact

 on pe opl e

 of

 c ol o r

 f r om

 th e

 e con om ic d ow ntur n

 i n d uce d b y

 CO V I D - 19 ,

 poli cy ma k e r s

 have

 an

 oppor t un ity

 t o a dd r e ss

 th e

 cause s

 of pe r s is t e nt

 r acial a nd e th ni c dis pa rit ie s

 i n

 ho m e ow ne r sh i p

 and

 ho u si n g

 e q u ity — pa rti cular ly

 i f the s e

 l on g - te r m

 disc r e panci e s

 m ak e

 pe opl e

 o f

 col or

 mo r e

 vul ne r a b l e

 w hen

 th e

 ov e r al l

 e con om y d e c li ne s.

 How

 Economic

 Crises

 and

 S udden Disasters

 In crease Racial

 Dis pari ties in

 Homeownersh ip

 The

 C O V I D - 19

 pan d e mic h as

 cr ipp le d e con om i e s

 and

 t he

 dai ly

 li v e s

 of

 pe opl e

 t hr o ug h ou t

 t he

 w o rl d .

 A s of

 thi s

 w rit in g ,

 ov e r

 100 , 000

 U S

 li v e s 2

 have

 b een

 l ost

 i n

 t hr ee

 mon ths,

 ma ny b u si ne ss e s

 have

 cl ose d , tr ave l

 has

 b een

 cu r tai le d ,

 bo r d e r s

 ha v e

 clos e d ,

 an d g lo b a l

 ma r k e ts

 have

 c ol l apse d as

 par t

 of

 w hat h as b een

 d u bb e d th e

 G r e at L oc k d ow n.

 Thi s

 he al t h

 cr isis has

 tri gg e r e d a n

 e conomic c r isis that

 is aff e ct i ng ho us eh ol d s

 i n

 p r of ou n d w ay s

 an d has

 c r e at e d t he

 nee d for

 e con om ic

 stim ul u s

 suppo rt

 fo r

 busi ne s se s and

 ho us eh ol d s

 a li k e .

 Gov e r nm e nt

 act io n

 t o r e st or e

 a nd suppor t

 th e

 e cono my

 has

 b een

 swi ft,

 w ith

 th e U S

 spe n d i ng

 cl ose

 to

 $3

 trill io n

 i n

 r e l ie f

 pac k ag e s . 3

 At

 th e

 he a rt

 o f

 th e

 g ov e r nm e nt‘ s

 r espo nse ,

 a nd t he polici e s

 b e in g

 i n tr od uce d to

 r e s tor e

 t he

 e cono my ,

 a r e

 st r uct u r al b a rri e r s

 t hat a r e

 d ee ply

 r oo t e d in

 ou r histo r y

 of

 r acia l

 i ne q ua li ty .

 Thi s

 r ep or t

 focus es

 on h ow

 e con om ic

 cy cl e s

 s hap e

 ou tc ome s

 fo r

 pe opl e

 of colo r

 i n

 ...

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